ringtones

Rajam and Mani

                                                Rajam and Mani

1. why did the people of malgudi take pride of the river Sarayu?

                        The river sarayu was the pride of malgudi because it was the only river of the town. It’s sand banks were the evening resort of all the people of the town. In moonlight it looked very charming and glistening like a silver belt across the north.

2. Describe the evening scene.

                        It was a nice sight. The peepul branches overhanging the river rustled pleasantly. A light breeze scattered the stray leaves on the gliding stream. Birds filled the air with their cries. Far away a country cart man was humming a low tune. It was some fifteen minutes past and their was soft red in the west sky.

3. why did Mani decide to kill Rajam? or why did Mani consider Rajam as his rival?

                          Before the arrival of Rajam Mani was the overlord of the class. But when Rajam came, everybody’s attention was on Rajam. Because on the very first day he came to school in a car being well-dressed. He could speak englilsh exactly like a European. He also proved himself as a good student too. All the class was impressed by his attributes. Mani could not tolerate this. So he decided to kill Rajam.

4. Rajam’s character.

Ans: Rajam is another chief character besides Mani. He is more smart and matured than Mani. He possesses a charming personality. He has self-respect. Rajam is academically sincere, yet he never spares Mani’s tendency of domination. Rajam has nobility also to give Mani an opportunity to settle with him. He justifies everything with reason.

5. Mani’s character                         

Ans; Mani is a chief character in R. k Narayan’s RAJAM AND MANI. He is one of the backbenchers in the class first A. He is irregular in attendance. But he is fond of dominating the whole class with muscle power. He appears to be a hero of the class. Mani considered Rajam as enemy. Mani is superstitious, he is afraid of ghost. Finally, he shows intelligence to accept rajam’s friendship.

6. why did mani decide not to kill rajam?

                          Mani and swaminathan were waiting to meet Rajam on Nallapa’s mango grove . Mani took his wooden club for he wanted to kill Rajam. But soon  he decided not to kill him because Swaminathan told him that his father was a police super. He also said after death, Rajam’s spirit would trouble him at night. These were the causes for which Mani decided not to kill Rajam.

7. “He danced with joy”— why did Swaminatahan dance with joy?

                        In response to Mani’s challenge Rajam came to the river side for a duel. Mani had a club with him and Rajam had an air- gun. Hearing the shot, mani was startled and the fight did not take place. Rajam cleared the misunderstanding which was in Mani’s mind. Then he® offered Mani to be his friend which Mani accepted. At  this Swaminathan was overjoyed and danced with joy.

8."This pleased Mani greatly" What pleased Mani greatly?
                         When Mani suspected at Swaminathan's connection with Rajam Swaminathan broke into a loud protestation. he(s) told that he had never been 3 yards of Rajam. He could not respect anyone except Mani. Once Rajam came to Swaminathan for a pencil sharpner but he did not give it and told him to buy it from a shop. He finalised by saying that there was no comparison between Rajam and Mani.This pleased Mani greatly.

9. How had Rajam impressed the whole class?

                             Rajam was a new arrival in the class. On the very first day he came to school in a car being well-dressed. He could speak englilsh exactly like a European. He also proved himself as a good student too. He was a regular 70 percenter. He had a friendship mind. All these features of Rajam impressed the whole class on the very first day.

 

10. “Swaminathan broke into loud protestation” ---why did swaminathan break into loud protestation?

                          Being afraid of Rajam’s extraordinary qualities Mani decided to kill Rajam. At this Swaminathan expressed a slight fear. He tried to stop mani from doing so by saying tha Rajam’s father was a police super. But Mani did not stop and warned Swaminathan that he should take care of his limbs. At this swaminathan broke into loud protestation.
11. Describe the scene in the geography classroom.
A. The Geography teacher was teaching. The class was somewhat disorderly. Mani and Rajam, in the last bench, were engaged in quarrelling indirectly through Swaminathan. The teacher noted Swaminathan’s absent mindedness and punished him for his failure to answer his questions. He behaved differently with different students. He admired one, scolded another and threatened some others.

                       

william wordsworth

William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.
Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semiautobiographical poem of his early years which he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as the poem "to Coleridge". Wordsworth was Britain's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.

Contents [hide] 1 Early life 2 Relationship with Annette Vallon 3 First publication and Lyrical Ballads 4 The Borderers 5 Germany and move to the Lake District 6 Marriage and children 7 Autobiographical work and Poems in Two Volumes 8 The Prospectus 9 The Poet Laureate and other honors 10 Death 11 Major works 12 Further reading 13 References 14 External links

[edit] Early life

Main article: Early life of William Wordsworth

The second of five children born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in Wordsworth House in Cockermouth, Cumberland^[1]—part of the scenic region in northwest England, the Lake District. His sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. They had three other siblings: Richard, the eldest, who became a lawyer; John, born after Dorothy, who went to sea and died in 1805 when the ship of which he was Master, Earl of Abergavenny was wrecked off the south coast of England; and Christopher, the youngest, who entered the Church and rose to be Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.^[2] Their father was a legal representative of James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and, through his connections, lived in a large mansion in the small town. Wordsworth, as with his siblings, had little involvement with their father, and they would be distant from him until his death in 1783.^[3]
Wordsworth's father, although rarely present, did teach him poetry, including that of Milton, Shakespeare and Spenser, in addition to allowing his son to rely on his own father's library. Along with spending time reading in Cockermouth, Wordsworth would also stay at his mother's parents house in Penrith, Cumberland. At Penrith, Wordsworth was exposed to the moors. Wordsworth could not get along with his grandparents and his uncle, and his hostile interactions with them distressed him to the point of contemplating suicide.^[4]
After the death of their mother, in 1778, John Wordsworth sent William to Hawkshead Grammar School in Lancashire and Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire; she and William would not meet again for another nine years. Although Hawkshead was Wordsworth's first serious experience with education, he had been taught to read by his mother and had attended a tiny school of low quality in Cockermouth. After the Cockermouth school, he was sent to a school in Penrith for the children of upper-class families and taught by Ann Birkett, a woman who insisted on instilling in her students traditions that included pursuing both scholarly and local activities, especially the festivals around Easter, May Day, and Shrove Tuesday. Wordsworth was taught both the Bible and the Spectator, but little else. It was at the school that Wordsworth was to meet the Hutchinsons, including Mary, who would be his future wife.^[5]
Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine. That same year he began attending St John's College, Cambridge, and received his B.A. degree in 1791.^[6] He returned to Hawkshead for his first two summer holidays, and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting places famous for the beauty of their landscape. In 1790, he took a walking tour of Europe, during which he toured the Alps extensively, and visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland, and Italy.

[edit] Relationship with Annette Vallon

In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enthralled with the Republican movement. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their child, Caroline. Because of lack of money and Britain's tensions with France, he returned alone to England the next year.^[7] The circumstances of his return and his subsequent behaviour raise doubts as to his declared wish to marry Annette, but he supported her and his daughter as best he could in later life. The Reign of Terror estranged him from the Republican movement, and war between France and Britain prevented him from seeing Annette and Caroline again for several years. There are strong suggestions that Wordsworth may have been depressed and emotionally unsettled in the mid-1790s.^{[citation needed]}
With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to France, in 1802 Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, visited Annette and Caroline in Calais. The purpose of the visit was to pave the way for his forthcoming marriage to Mary Hutchinson, and a mutually agreeable settlement was reached regarding Wordsworth's obligations.^[7] Afterwards he wrote the poem "It is a beauteous evening, calm and free," recalling his seaside walk with his daughter, whom he had not seen for ten years. At the conception of this poem, he had never seen his daughter before. The occurring lines reveal his deep love for both child and mother.

[edit] First publication and Lyrical Ballads

Wordsworth in 1798, about the time he began The Prelude.^[8]

In his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads", which is called the "manifesto" of English Romantic criticism, Wordsworth calls his poems "experimental." The year 1793 saw Wordsworth's first published poetry with the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. He received a legacy of £900 from Raisley Calvert in 1795 so that he could pursue writing poetry. That year, he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved to Alfoxton House, Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey. Together, Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement. The volume gave neither Wordsworth's nor Coleridge's name as author. One of Wordsworth's most famous poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in the work, along with Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The second edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the author, and included a preface to the poems, which was augmented significantly in the 1802 edition. This Preface to Lyrical Ballads is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of much 18th-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth gives his famous definition of poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility." A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805.

[edit] The Borderers

From 1795 to 1797, he wrote his only play, The Borderers, a verse tragedy during the reign of King Henry III of England when Englishmen of the north country were in conflict with Scottish rovers. Wordsworth attempted to get the play staged in November 1797, but it was rejected by Thomas Harris, theatre manager of Covent Garden, who proclaimed it "impossible that the play should succeed in the representation". The rebuff was not received lightly by Wordsworth, and the play was not published until 1842, after substantial revision.^[9]

[edit] Germany and move to the Lake District

Wordsworth, Dorothy and Coleridge traveled to Germany in the autumn of 1798. While Coleridge was intellectually stimulated by the trip, its main effect on Wordsworth was to produce homesickness.^[7] During the harsh winter of 1798–99, Wordsworth lived with Dorothy in Goslar, and, despite extreme stress and loneliness, he began work on an autobiographical piece later titled The Prelude. He wrote a number of famous poems, including "The Lucy poems". He and his sister moved back to England, now to Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District, and this time with fellow poet Robert Southey nearby. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey came to be known as the "Lake Poets".^[10] Through this period, many of his poems revolve around themes of death, endurance, separation and grief.

[edit] Marriage and children

In 1802, after Wordsworth's return from his trip to France with Dorothy to visit Annette and Caroline, Lowther's heir, William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale, paid the ₤4,000 debt owed to Wordsworth's father incurred through Lowther's failure to pay his aide.^[11] Later that year, Wordsworth married a childhood friend, Mary Hutchinson.^[7] Dorothy continued to live with the couple and grew close to Mary. The following year, Mary gave birth to the first of five children, two of whom predeceased William and Mary:

• John Wordsworth (18 June 1803–1875). Married four times:

1. Isabella Curwen (d. 1848) had six children: Jane, Henry, William, John, Charles and Edward.
2. Helen Ross (d. 1854). No children
3. Mary Ann Dolan (d. after 1858) had one daughter Dora (b.1858).
4. Mary Gamble. No children

• Dora Wordsworth (16 August 1804 – 9 July 1847). Married Edward Quillinan in 1843.
• Thomas Wordsworth (15 June 1806 – 1 December 1812).
• Catherine Wordsworth (6 September 1808 – 4 June 1812).
• William "Willy" Wordsworth (12 May 1810–1883). Married Fanny Graham and had four children: Mary Louisa, William, Reginald, Gordon.

[edit] Autobiographical work and Poems in Two Volumes

Wordsworth had for years been making plans to write a long philosophical poem in three parts, which he intended to call The Recluse. He had in 1798–99 started an autobiographical poem, which he never named but called the "poem to Coleridge", which would serve as an appendix to The Recluse. In 1804, he began expanding this autobiographical work, having decided to make it a prologue rather than an appendix to the larger work he planned. By 1805, he had completed it, but refused to publish such a personal work until he had completed the whole of The Recluse. The death of his brother, John, in 1805 affected him strongly.
The source of Wordsworth's philosophical allegiances as articulated in The Prelude and in such shorter works as "Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey" has been the source of much critical debate. While it had long been supposed that Wordsworth relied chiefly on Coleridge for philosophical guidance, more recent scholarship has suggested that Wordsworth's ideas may have been formed years before he and Coleridge became friends in the mid 1790s. While in Revolutionary Paris in 1792, the 22-year-old Wordsworth made the acquaintance of the mysterious traveller John "Walking" Stewart (1747–1822),^[12] who was nearing the end of a thirty-years' peregrination from Madras, India, through Persia and Arabia, across Africa and all of Europe, and up through the fledgling United States. By the time of their association, Stewart had published an ambitious work of original materialist philosophy entitled The Apocalypse of Nature (London, 1791), to which many of Wordsworth's philosophical sentiments are likely indebted.
In 1807, his Poems in Two Volumes were published, including "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood". Up to this point Wordsworth was known publicly only for Lyrical Ballads, and he hoped this collection would cement his reputation. Its reception was lukewarm, however. For a time (starting in 1810), Wordsworth and Coleridge were estranged over the latter's opium addiction.^[7] Two of his children, Thomas and Catherine, died in 1812. The following year, he received an appointment as Distributor of Stamps for Westmorland, and the £400 per year income from the post made him financially secure. His family, including Dorothy, moved to Rydal Mount, Ambleside (between Grasmere and Rydal Water) in 1813, where he spent the rest of his life.^[7]

[edit] The Prospectus

In 1814 he published The Excursion as the second part of the three-part The Recluse. He had not completed the first and third parts, and never would. He did, however, write a poetic Prospectus to "The Recluse" in which he lays out the structure and intent of the poem. The Prospectus contains some of Wordsworth's most famous lines on the relation between the human mind and nature:

My voice proclaims

How exquisitely the individual Mind

(And the progressive powers perhaps no less

Of the whole species) to the external World

Is fitted:--and how exquisitely, too,

Theme this but little heard of among Men,

The external World is fitted to the Mind.

Some modern critics^[who?] recognize a decline in his works beginning around the mid-1810s. But this decline was perhaps more a change in his lifestyle and beliefs, since most of the issues that characterize his early poetry (loss, death, endurance, separation and abandonment) were resolved in his writings. But, by 1820, he enjoyed the success accompanying a reversal in the contemporary critical opinion of his earlier works. Following the death of his friend the painter William Green in 1823, Wordsworth mended relations with Coleridge.^[13] The two were fully reconciled by 1828, when they toured the Rhineland together.^[7] Dorothy suffered from a severe illness in 1829 that rendered her an invalid for the remainder of her life. In 1835, Wordsworth gave Annette and Caroline the money they needed for support.

[edit] The Poet Laureate and other honors

Wordsworth received an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in 1838 from Durham University, and the same honor from Oxford University the next year.^[7] In 1842 the government awarded him a civil list pension amounting to £300 a year. With the death in 1843 of Robert Southey, Wordsworth became the Poet Laureate. He initially refused the honour, saying he was too old, but accepted when Prime Minister Robert Peel assured him "you shall have nothing required of you" (he became the only laureate to write no official poetry). When his daughter, Dora, died in 1847, his production of poetry came to a standstill.

[edit] Death

Gravestone of William Wordsworth, Grasmere, Cumbria

William Wordsworth died by re-aggravating a case of pleurisy on 23 April 1850, and was buried at St. Oswald's church in Grasmere. His widow Mary published his lengthy autobiographical "poem to Coleridge" as The Prelude several months after his death. Though this failed to arouse great interest in 1850, it has since come to be recognized as his masterpiece.

Born 7 April 1770(1770-04-07)
Wordsworth House, Cockermouth, England Died 23 April 1850(1850-04-23) (aged 80)
Cumberland, England Occupation Poet Genres Poetry Literary movement Romanticism Notable work(s) Lyrical Ballads, Poems in Two Volumes, The Excursion

r.n.tagore

Rabindranath Tagore became the first Asian to became Nobel laureate when he won Nobel Prize for his collection of poems, Gitanjali, in 1913; awarded knighthood by the British King George V; established Viswabharati University; two songs from his Rabindrasangit canon are now the national anthems of India and Bangladesh.
Rabindranath Tagore was an icon of Indian culture. He was a poet, philosopher, musician, writer, and educationist. Rabindranath Tagore.

Rabindranath Tagore was born on May 7, 1861 in a wealthy Brahmin family in Calcutta. He was the ninth son of Debendranath and Sarada Devi. His grandfather Dwarkanath Tagore was a rich landlord and social reformer. Rabindra Nath Tagore had his initial education in Oriental Seminary School. But he did not like the conventional education and started studying at home under several teachers. After undergoing his upanayan (coming-of-age) rite at the age of eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta in 1873 to tour India for several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching the Himalayan hill station of Dalhousie. There, Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit, and examined the classical poetry of Kalidasa.

Tagore sailed to England with his elder brother Satyandranath to study law. But he returned to India in 1880 and started his career as poet and writer. In 1883, Rabindranath Tagore married Mrinalini Devi Raichaudhuri, with whom he had two sons and three daughters.
. He Established Bolpur Bramhacharyaashram at Shantiniketan, a school based on the pattern of old Indian Ashrama. In 1902, his wife Mrinalini died. Tagore composed Smaran ( In Memoriam ), a collection of poems, dedicated to his wife.

In 1905, Lord Curzon decided to divide Bengal into two parts. Rabindranath Tagore strongly protested against this decision. Tagore wrote a number of national songs and attended protest meetings. He introduced the Rakhibandhan ceremony , symbolizing the underlying unity of undivided Bengal

In 1909, Rabindranath Tagore started writing Gitanjali. In 1912, Tagore went to Europe for the second time. On the journey to London he translated some of his poems/songs from Gitanjali to English. He met William Rothenstein, a noted British painter, in London. Rothenstien was impressed by the poems, made copies and gave to Yeats and other English poets. Yeats was enthralled. He later wrote the introduction to Gitanjali when it was published in September 1912 in a limited edition by the India Society in London. Rabindranath Tagore was awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for Gitanjali. In 1915 he was knighted by the British King George V.
In 1919, following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Tagore renounced his knighthood. He was a supporter of Gandhiji but he stayed out of politics. 1n 1921, Rabindranath Tagore established Viswabharati University. He gave all his money from Nobel Prize and royalty money from his books to this University. Tagore was not only a creative genius, he was quite knowledgeable of Western culture, especially Western poetry and science too In 1940 Oxford University arranged a special ceremony in Santiniketan and awarded Rabindranath Tagore with Doctorate Of Literature. Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore passed away on August 7, 1941 in his ancestral home in Calcutta.

notes of nature

Substance of the poem  :   At the day’s end when a fond mother takes her child to bed, he is unwilling and reluctant. He wants to play more with his broken playthings. His mother promises to give him more splendid playthings but he is not comforted.

                                                                                   Nature in the same manner takes away our playthings one by one and leads us into an unknown world. Nature does this so gently that we can’t understand where we are going. We don’t know how great and vast the unknown world is.

Title of the poem:       In the poem Nature the poet shows nature’s subtle workings on human beings. Here nature is personified. It shows how nature with her magic spell makes us forgetful of all earthly possessions and leads us to eternal sleep. Nature is the key note of the poem. Hence the title is quite justified.                     

                                                                                                             

      

paragraphs

                                                                                                                           DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STUDENTS

A student is basically a learner. So he should have an intense interest in the pursuit of knowledge. Knowledge gives him joy and power that mould his life and help to cultivate the art of living. Hence student life is called the seed time of life. Apart from earning knowledge, he should develop some qualities of head and heart.  He is to form some good habits like cleanliness and discipline punctuality and determination. Again he is to remember that he belongs to a society that claims his energy and emotion. In fact he has lots of promises to keep. He must feel for the suffering masses. He must strive hard to mitigate their misery. Indeed a good student is one of the hopefuls of the nation. So a student of today must make himself as a citizen of tomorrow.

                                                                                                                                               R.N. TAGORE AFTER 150^TH  YEARS

 2010 is the 150^th year of birth of Rabindranath Tagore. The Bengalese nay the Indians are celebrating the auspicious year. Rabindranath is one of the greatest poets and thinkers of the world. All life long he worked for the betterment of the country. His devotion to art and literature is unquestionable. Rabindranath Tagore became the first Asian Who won Nobel Prize for his collection of poems,Gitanjali, in 1913; awarded knighthood by the British King George V; established Viswabharati University; two songs from his Rabindrasangit

canon are now the national anthems of India and Bangladesh.

 He upheld the glory and dignity of Indian literature before the world. Even after a long span of one and a half century we can realize his impact on us. People owe to him in every respect. People pay heart felt respect to this top class poet and prophet, seer, and thinker. But one thing we must keep in mind. We must not miss his ideas and ideals. The best way to honour  him is to follow his ideal sincerely. Here lies the justification of our celebrating his birth ceremony.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

                                                                                                                                                           Your visit to a place of historical interest

                                                                “Travelling is a part of education for children and a part of experience fpr men.”         ------------------  BACON

Travilling is my passion. My Father encourages me a lot. For our recreation we visit to a new place every year. Being inspired by our hisrory teacher, last year I with my parents visited to Murshidabad. It was a one day tour. It is a place of great historical importance. We started our journey at morning by Lalgola Express. There we saw many old building of historical and cultural importance. The Hazar Duari, the tombs of Serajddulya and Ghaseti Begum, Mirjafar and Mirkashim are very attractive. All these places are on the bank of river Bhagirathi. I was really charmed. It seemed I am in the past. All the past histories were becoming living to me. I also enjoyed riding in the tonga. We returned at 6 p.m. I will cherish this tour in my mind.

                                                                                                                                                Afforestation / Trees                               

“A tree a life” is a slogan known to all. Trees are a part of life. Life without trees cannot be imagined. They keep up the level of Oxygen and Carbon Di-Oxide in the air. They give us fruits and flowers. They offer us cool shelter and refreshing air. We get life saving medicine from the trees. They prevent soil erosion and guard us against pollution. But it is pity that   trees are cut indiscriminately everyday. Thus again we are inviting pollution. It destroys eco balance. Global warming and greenhouse effect are the result of cutting trees. We the wise people should stop this and make people understand the importance of trees. All should come forward to make plantation project a real success.